Retraction/Correction

·         Geographia is committed to maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the scientific literature. We follow a strict corrections and retraction policy, based on the best practices of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). This process ensures transparency and reliability in our publications. When an article is found to contain an error, the editor has two primary courses of action: correction or retraction.

·         A Correction Notice is issued when the error is minor-meaning, it does not fundamentally alter the final results, conclusions, or reliability of the research. Examples include significant typos, errors in graph labels, or misspellings of author names. The original article remains online, accompanied by a separate correction notice that details the location of the error and how it was corrected. A freely accessible permanent link connects the two documents.

·         In contrast, a Retraction Notice is a more serious action taken when an article contains a significant error or ethical violation that renders the overall findings unreliable. Common reasons for retraction include egregious plagiarism, falsification or fabrication of data, duplicate publication (publishing the same research in another journal without permission), or serious violations of research ethics (e.g., conducting research on humans without proper informed consent).

·         During retraction, the journal conducts a thorough investigation using the COPE workflow, often with the authors' institutions. When a decision is reached, a formal retraction statement is published online, explaining the withdrawal. The original article stays in the journal archive but is marked "Retracted" on each PDF page to alert readers that the content should not be used for further research.