IDENTIFICATION OF ETHNOMEDICAL MEDICAL PLANTS FOR DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN TARERAN DISTRICT, SELATAN MINAHASA REGENCY, NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

,


INTRODUCTION
The use of plants as medicine is as old as human civilization.Plants are a storehouse of chemicals that have a million benefits, including medicine for various diseases.The ability to mix medicinal plants and herbs is a hereditary heritage and is deeply rooted in the community.Plants which are the raw materials for traditional medicines are spread in almost all parts of Indonesia.
In the tropical forests of Indonesia there are 30,000 species of plants.Of these, around 9,600 species are known to have medicinal properties, but only 200 species have been used as raw materials in the traditional medicine industry.Opportunities for the development of medicinal plant cultivation are still very wide open in line with the development of the herbal medicine, herbal medicine, phytopharmaca and traditional cosmetics industries.
Utilization of plant parts such as roots, stems, bark, leaves, flowers and fruit as a source of medicine for various diseases has been going on for generations in Indonesia (ethnomedical).Indonesian society relies on traditional medicine by utilizing plant parts so that it has developed into an ethnomedical culture for centuries.The development of ethnomedical in Indonesia is due to the very large biodiversity of flora and fauna in Indonesia.Geographically, Indonesia is an archipelagic country, consisting of various ethnic groups, so it has various ethnomedical aspects.
Ethnomedical wealth is a potential that should be developed in order to improve the welfare of the community.Many modern medicines are derived from plants that were originally discovered through traditional use.The use of traditional medicine is generally preferred as an effort to maintain health or prevention, although there are also efforts to treat a disease.Some examples of drugs from plant materials include anti-cancer drugs (padophyllatoxin, vincristine, vinblastine, taxol), antimalarials (quanine and artemisinin), heart-strengthening drugs (gigoxin) and fever drugs (aspirin).Especially for anticancer drugs NCI (National Cancer Institute) has screened about 114,000 plant extracts from 1960 to 1982 and found about 35,000 plant samples have anticancer activity.In 1991 about 28,000 plant samples from around the world were collected because they have anticancer activity.About 62% of the 87 types of anticancer drugs come from natural ingredients (Cragg, 1993).The negative implication of changes in the diet of Indonesian people who are starting to like fast food is an increase in cholesterol levels in a person's blood or known as hypercholesterolemia or hyperlipidemia (Purwanto A, 2003).Especially for the Minahasa people who really like fatty foods, especially animal fats, the incidence of hyperlipidemia is quite high in Minahasa Regency.However, in recent years, the national incidence of hyperlipidemia has shown an increasing prevalence.
Cases of patients with hypercholesterolemia are increasing, marked by the increasing incidence of stroke, hypertension and coronary heart disease in recent times where hypercholesterolemia is a factor that is closely related to the incidence of these diseases.The consumption of animal fats with high intensity by the Minahasa community has caused many incidents of hyperlipidemia in this area since ancient times.
Therefore, the Minahasa community has an ethnomedical culture of treating hyperlipidemia that is passed down from generation to generation.Empirically the use of medicinal plants is effective in treating various diseases caused by hyperlipidemia.This is a potential that needs to be researched so that it can be developed into a phytopharmaceutical dosage form, besides being beneficial for health, it can also increase the economic value of plants.
Tareran District is one of the sub-districts in South Minahasa Regency which has a culture of using

Place and time of research
This research was carried out in Tareran sub-district, South Minahasa Regency and the Biology Laboratory of Manado State University.Held from April to October 2012.

Tools and materials
Plant samples can be in the form of leaves, stems and roots or whole plants obtained in Tareran District, South Minahasa Regency.Samples of medicinal plants are devoted to medicinal plants that are used for degenerative diseases.The samples used were wet samples and dry samples (10% moisture content) and wet samples.Materials used include ethanol, alcohol, plant specimen paper, electric oven, etc. Inventory of medicinal plants using plant determination books and writing instruments, cameras and specimen boxes.Data on the use/utilization of medicinal plants using a questionnaire.

Inventory of ethnomedical antihyperlipidemic medicinal plants
Conducted by direct inventory in villages that have been identified as having a strong ethnomedical culture in Tomohon City.Plant simplicia was taken and inventoried.Plants whose species are not yet known are determined using a plant determination book.

Study on the use of medicinal plants by the community
The study of the use of medicinal plants by the community was carried out using a questionnaire instrument.

Data analysis techniques
Research data in descriptive analysis.

General Description
Tareran District is one of the sub-districts in Minahasa Regency.Tareran is located in the central area of Minahasa Regency.Communities in several villages in Tareran District, including Tumaluntung Village, have long known various types of plants used as medicinal plants.

Medicinal Plants for Degenerative Diseases
The collection of medicinal plants obtained and under in the laboratory identified the species and then carried out a literature study on plant descriptions, chemical content, efficacy and pharmacological effects.The plants obtained are as follows: 1. Cengkeh / Clove (Syzygium aromaticum, (Linn.)Merr.).Family: Myrtaceae Description Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a type of herbaceous plant that can have large tree trunks and hard wood, cloves can survive tens or even hundreds of years, the height can reach 20-30 meters and the branches are quite thick.The branches of the clove plant are generally long and filled with small branches that break easily.The crown or also commonly called the cone-shaped clove tree canopy.Clove leaves are green in the shape of an elongated oval with an angled tip and base, an average of 2-3 cm wide and 7.5-12.5 cm long without stems.Clove flowers and fruit will appear at the end of the leaf twigs with short stalks and bunches.When they are young, clove flowers are purplish, then turn greenish yellow and turn pink again when they are old.While dried clove flowers are blackish brown in color and have a spicy taste because they contain essential oils.Generally, cloves first bear fruit at the age of 4-7 years.
Clove plants will grow well if there is enough water and direct sunlight.In Indonesia, cloves are suitable to be planted both in lowland areas near the coast and in the mountains at an altitude of 900 meters above sea level.

From
year to year research on chemical compounds from plants and their derivatives continues to develop along with the movement back to nature (back to nature).The world's pharmaceutical industry has begun to concentrate on developing drugs derived from plants.Tropical countries are a vital source of pharmaceutical raw materials.Along with recommendations in the medical world that direct the prevention and treatment of diseases from natural ingredients and the success of Asian countries in developing traditional medicines such as China and Korea.Less than 1% of tropical plants have been tested for development into medicine.About 25% of modern medicine comes from tropical plants (Kong et al. 2003).The development of traditional medicines into phytopharmaca dosage forms or as raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry can increase the economic value of medicinal plants that are still allowed to grow naturally or have not been cultivated intensively.The current limitation of traditional Indonesian medicine is the lack of scientific research on phytochemical profiles, their biochemical activities that support an understanding of how traditional medicines work in the human body so that they are worthy of development.Whereas the development of traditional medicine is quite promising in improving the economy of the people who ethnomedically utilize the types of traditional medicinal ingredients in an area.Groups of medicinal plants that have the potential to be researched and developed into indonesian.biodivers.j.Vol. 1, No.3: 1-11 ISSN : 2722-2659 phytopharmaceutical products are medicinal plants that have antihyperlipidemic properties.Groups of hyperlipidemic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia can cause various diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD), which according to WHO and the American Heart Association are still the leading causes of death in the world today.
medicinal plants for a long time.The location of Tareran sub-district which has a lot of plant vegetation causes people to know and have used various types of medicinal plants.Medicinal plants that are interesting to study originating from this area are medicinal plants used for degenerative diseases.This study aims to: Obtain distribution data and types of medicinal plants in Tareran District, South Minahasa.Obtaining data on the use of medicinal plants for degenerative diseases in Tareran District, South Minahasa.The results of this study are expected to provide distribution data, types of plants and how to use medicinal plants in Tareran Minahasa District.The results of this study became the basis for the development of medicinal plants and further research.