DIVERSITY OF SOIL SURFACE ARTHROPODS IN THE FOREST

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INTRODUCTION
The forest of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNIMA, is included in the category of the urban forest, which is located between the UNIMA campus environment and residential areas.However, lately, it has been widely used as research land in farming.
Diversity describes a different situation for a living thing related to size, shape, and number.Animals are a group of living things included in many-celled (multicellular) living things.Diversity in animals can be caused by the influence of evolution and adaptation to the environment or habitat so that it can bring up various variations in terms of size, number, morphological structure, and physiology (Lavelle et al., 1994).
Soil surface arthropods are included in soil biodiversity (Leksono, 2017), which have a significant role in changing the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties through immobilization and humification processes.In the decomposition path of steadfast organic matter, soil surface arthropods have a more dominant role in the fragmentation process and provide many prevalent habitat facilities for further decomposition.(Setiawan and Maulana, 2019) The problem of this research is that the types and levels of diversity of soil surface arthropods in the forest area of the Biology department of Manado State University have not been identified.Therefore, this study aimed to determine the diversity and types of ground surface arthropods found in the forest surrounding the Department of Biology, Manado State University.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research was conducted from February to March 2022.The research was located in the forest area of the Department of Biology, FMIPA UNIMA, Tonsaru Village, South Tondano District, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi.

Data retrieval
This study uses the pitfall trap method (Abdillah et al., 2019), which is a ground-level animal trap using small plastic cups (top and bottom diameters of 7.5 cm and 4.5 cm) (Figure 1.) which contain a mixture of water and granulated sugar, which is placed on each observation plot with two locations 2.).
The plots consisted of 10 plots at each location using a straight line transect with a distance of 2 meters between plots (Figure 3.).The traps that have been installed are left for 1 x 24 hours.Arthropods trapped in pitfall traps under anesthesia using 70% alcohol.The process of identifying ground surface arthropods trapped in a pitfall trap using a mobile phone camera with the Google Lens software application.The Kanisius insect determination key book, and the Suin Soil Animal Ecology book.After the identification process, it is written in the observation table according to the order, family, and genus classification.Moreover, calculated the total number of

Data Analysis
After identifying the data by counting the number of arthropods according to the classification of orders, families, and genera, the data were analyzed by descriptive analysis using the formula for diversity

Diversity of Ground Surface Arthropods
The identification results were taken at two locations with 20 plots.From the data collection and collection results obtained, as many as 12 genera were with a total of 166 individuals.Myrmica, Carebara, Paraponera, Papederinae, Anisolabis, Hogna, Spirostreptus, Cafius, Phalangium, Opilio, Oxidus, and Pholidoptera.(Table 1 The diversity index value shows the results of 1.11043 (Table 2.), which is classified as a moderate category.This follows the criteria of the Shannon Wiener index, namely if H' is less than 0 then it is declared low category.If H' is between 1.0 to 3.0, then it is declared a medium category.If H' is more than 3.0, it is declared a high category (Suterisni et al., 2018).The genus Myrmica is more numerous than all the genera that have been identified.This is because their habitat is in a forest ecosystem of litter, and they live in colonies by eating several types of animals that have rotted and some plants that have died and dried up.It is estimated that there is a possibility of the influence of traps containing a mixture of water and sugar so that the three genera of ants, namely Myrmica, Carebara, and Paraponera, can enter the trap.The first location of the forest has many shady trees compared to the second location, which has relatively few trees and is dominated by grass and shrubs.Overall the more individuals and the number of species obtained, the higher the diversity and vice versa.This is also due to the availability of food, which causes the number of types of arthropods on the soil surface to be significant.This follows the statement from Ruslan (2009) that ground surface arthropods will occupy and continue their lives in an environment with the availability of food ingredients following their habitat.The species richness index shows a value of 2.1518, which is classified as a low category (Table 3.).This is because the number of animal genera that are in a state of lame 102 individuals, and there is one individual, so the species richness in the forest ecosystem of the Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNIMA is in a low category.
The value species evenness index shows a value of 0.44687, which belongs to the category of medium evenness, so it can be said that the community in the ecosystem around the forest in the Biology department of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNIMA is classified as unstable (Table 4).On the other hand, species dominance shows a value of 0.457, which belongs to the low dominance category because the dominant genus is Myrmica.

Classification and Characteristics of Ground Surface Arthropods
Each animal data obtained was identified as having different morphological characteristics.The identification process is carried out by knowing the visible morphological characteristics using an identification key and randomly matching the images in several references using the Kanisius determination key book, the Suin Land Animal Ecology book, and the Google Lens software application.antennae, and the whole body is reddish brown (Sielezniew et al., 2010).Carebara Sp (Figure 5.) is a genus of ants belonging to the order Hymenoptera and the Family Formicidae.Carebara is a genus of ants that live on the ground or under rocks.This genus is generally found in open habitats, garden habitats, and forest edges.(Moffett, 1988).It has morphological characteristics.Namely, the head is truncated, like a shield, with the frontal lobes extending forward to form a wide round lamina, the rectangular head is longer than the width, the sides are straight to slightly convex, and the posterolateral corners are rounded.Relatively larger size and dark reddish brown to black (Akbar & Bharti, 2017).
Paraponera Sp (Figure 6.) is a genus of ants belonging to the order Hymenoptera and the Family

Table 1 .
.) Animal results obtained from two locations

Table 2 .
Borror et al. (1992)ts by Shannon Wiener .Based on the opinion ofBorror et al. (1992), some animals belonging to the Formicidae family have the behavior of preying on other types of individuals, looking for food from other organisms that are dead and decaying.Meanwhile, other genera, such as Papederinae, Anisolabis, Hogna, Spirostreptus, Cafius, Phalangium, Opilio, Oxidus, and Pholidoptera, are fewer in number.This is because these genera have nomadic nature.There are factors of different habitat conditions from the two data collection locations.

Table 3 .
The results of the analysis of the species richness index

Table 4 .
The results of the analysis of the species evenness index and species dominance