Indonesian Biodiversity Journal (ISSN: 2722-2659) is an open access journal published by Universitas Negeri Manado. Published articles are original research relevant to the field of biology, and reviewed by two reviewers in a blind review. Indonesian Biodiversity Journal, abbreviated as IBJ, publishes research from all fields of biological science, such as biodiversity, ecology, physiology, behavior, molecular biology, biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals. All forms of life, from microbes, viruses, fungi, plants, animals, to humans, are covered in the Indonesian Biodiversity Journal (IBJ). Our Editorial Board members are international and national researchers actively researching in the field of biological sciences, ensuring an efficient, fair and constructive peer review process. The Indonesian Biodiversity Journal is published every 4 months (April, August and December). This journal has been accredited by Sinta 5.
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR UTILIZATION IN PASSI VILLAGE, WEST PASSI DISTRICT, BOLAANG MONGONDOW REGENCY
Ethnobotany is the study of the relationship between plants and humans, including the use of plants by local communities. Traditional medicinal plants are plants that are often used by local communities for their health benefits. This study aims to describe the types of medicinal plants used and how they are processed using traditional methods in the village of Passi, West Passi subdistrict, Bolaang Mongondow district. This research is descriptive qualitative with an interview method and descriptive analysis technique. The results of this study show that there are 37 types of medicinal plants used with a total of 23 families found. The methods of processing traditional medicinal plants are: boiling, squeezing, soaking, pounding, and not processing. The most commonly used processing method is boiling, with 24 types of medicinal plants using this method. The parts of the plants that are most commonly used are: stems, fruits, flowers, leaves, roots, gel, sap, rhizomes, and tubers. The most commonly used parts are leaves, rhizomes, and fruits.
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THE EFFECT OF THE USE OF CHICKEN MANURE ON RED BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Red beans are a horticultural crop belonging to the annual legume group that grows upright and has a fairly high nutritional content. To obtain maximum growth and yield from red beans, several factors must be considered, including balanced fertilizer application. The factor of providing organic fertilizer from chicken manure with the right dosage is the target of this study. This study aims to determine the effect of red bean growth on the dosage of chicken manure fertilizer. This study was conducted from December 2024 to February 2025 and was carried out on the plantation land of the Department of Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Earth Sciences, Manado State University. The method used is a quantitative method with a type of experiment in the form of a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with five treatment combinations with each repeated three times. A0 = 0 (control), A1 = 1.00 kg, A2 = 1.50 kg, A3 = 2.00 kg, A4 = 2.50 kg, so there are 15 experimental bed units, and the data obtained are then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this study indicate that good plant height growth, number of leaves and stem diameter are found in treatment A1 with a dose of 1.00 kg of chicken manure fertilizer and A2 with a dose of 1.50 kg of chicken manure fertilizer because there is the most maximum growth.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF TURMERIC EXTRACT (Curcuma domestica Val.) AND HONEY ON GASTRIC ULCERS IN MICE (Mus musculus) DUE TO KETOPROFEN ADMINISTRATION MICROSCOPICALLY
Gastric ulcers are one of the common side effects that occur as a result of using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as ketoprofen. The combination of turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica Val) and honey has the potential as an alternative therapy due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. This research aims to evaluate the effects of the combination of these two substances on gastric ulcers in mice induced by ketoprofen microscopically. To determine the effect of a combination of turmeric extract and honey on the histopathological profile of stomach ulcers in mice (Mus musculus) induced by ketoprofen. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design. Mice were divided into several groups, namely the negative control group (without treatment), positive control (ketoprofen without therapy), and the treatment group that was given a combination of turmeric extract and honey with varying doses. Gastric ulcers are induced by administration of ketoprofen, followed by microscopic observation of gastric mucosal damage. The data was analyzed statistically to see significant differences between groups. Histopathological observations show that the group given a combination of turmeric extract and honey experienced a significant reduction in the level of gastric mucosal damage compared to the positive control group. The combination is capable of reducing inflammation, necrosis, and accelerating tissue regeneration. The combination of turmeric extract and honey is effective in reducing gastric ulcers in mice induced by ketoprofen microscopically. This research supports the potential use of both natural substances as adjuvant therapy to prevent or address gastric damage caused by NSAIDS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TURTLE NESTING HABITAT ON POPARENG BEACH, TATAPAAN DISTRICT, SOUTH MINAHASA REGENCY, BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARK AREA
Turtles They are among the world's protected animals and one of the rare, almost extinct species. The preservation of their habitat and knowledge of the traits of turtle-friendly habitats are two ways that the rescue and protection of these turtles must go on. For rescue operations, turtle sustainability, and sustainable coastal management, research is being conducted on the features of the turtle nesting habitats on Popareng Beach. This research aims to determine the characteristics of turtle nesting habitats and identify the parameters that hinder turtles from nesting at Popareng Beach, Tatapaan District, South Minahasa Regency. The method used in this research is the descriptive-exploratory method. With characteristic parameters consisting of beach width measurement, beach slope, sand temperature, sand humidity, sand texture, beach vegetation, and the presence of predators. From the research results, it shows that station 1 and station 2 have results that are suitable for turtle nesting habitats, with values obtained at station 1 being 88.33% and station 2 being 92%. Meanwhile, at station 3, with an evaluation score of 72%, it is considered fairly suitable and the station has tolerable limitations.
EFFECT OF GEL FORMULATION CONTAINING Tridax procumbens AND Aloe vera LEAF EXTRACT ON THE HEALING OF SECOND-DEGREE BURNS IN MICE (Mus musculus)
Tridax procumbens L. and Aloe vera L. are plants commonly used in the treatment of burns. This study was conducted to determine the effect of giving a combination gel of T. procumbens and A. vera leaf extract on second-degree burn healing in mice. This study used 24 male mice (Mus musculus) which were divided into four treatment groups, namely positive control (KP, Bioplacenton®); negative control (KN, gel base); leaf extract of T. procumbens 0.5% and A. vera 0.5% (P1); and leaf extract of T. procumbens 1% and A. vera 0.5% (P2). The process of inducing burns on the backs of mice requires the use of a 1x1 cm iron, which is subjected to heat in a fire for three minutes. The iron is placed on the mice's back for five seconds, which leads to the development of a second-degree burn. The gel was applied twice a day for 21 days. The highest level of burn wound healing was recorded with the Bioplacenton® treatment, which achieved a full recovery of 100% on day 15. Following this, the combined gel treatment of 1% T. procumbens leaf extract and 0.5% A. vera also reached 100% healing by day 18. While it may not be as potent as Bioplacenton®, the gel formulation containing 1% T. procumbens and 0.5% A. vera leaf extract presents a viable alternative for treating second-degree burns.
COMPARATIVE IN SILICO STUDY OF SIX FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS AS ACE INHIBITORS USING MOLECULAR DOCKING METHOD
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by increased blood pressure in the arteries. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that can be used as antihypertensives. One of the target proteins in the body associated with hypertension is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). This study aims to predict the ACE-inhibitory activity, physicochemical properties, and toxicity of flavonoid compounds, including catechin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, and naringenin. Physicochemical predictions were performed using the SwissADME website, with Lipinski's five rule parameters. The six flavonoid compounds met the parameters. Toxicity predictions were performed using the pkCSM online tool, which considers three parameters: Ames toxicity, hepatotoxicity and hERG inhibition. The six test compounds and the reference ligand, captopril, showed negative results across all three parameters. Compound activity was predicted computationally using molecular docking. The results showed that the test compound, quercetin, produced the highest rank score, indicating the best activity prediction among the six test compounds, and it works suggests a similar binding mode to ACE inhibitors. Catechin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, and naringenin are recommended for further research as antihypertensive drug candidates.
Lactic Acid Bacteria That Produce Antibacterial Compunds on Candied Pakoba Fruit Syzygium luzonense
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are a group of Gram-positive, cocci or rod-shaped microorganisms characterized by their catalase-negative phenotype. These bacteria are known to produce various antibacterial compounds, including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, carbon dioxide, and bacteriocins, which exhibit bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties against pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study is to isolate LAB that produce antibacterial compounds during the fermentation of Pakoba fruit (Syzygium luzonense) into sweets, with a focus on inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This research employs a quantitative descriptive method, involving the isolation of LAB from candied Pakoba fruit samples and subsequent testing of their antibacterial activity against the aforementioned pathogens. The barrier zone formed around the wells is then measured. The data from the study showed that BAL isolation from Pakoba fruit candied was obtained from as many as 10 isolates, and antibacterial activity tests showed that 10 BAL isolates produced antibacterial compounds with inhibitory diameters of 7.6 – 15.3 mm. The isolates with the greatest antibacterial activity are LAB isolate MP(1)5.2 for E. coli and LAB isolate MP(3)6.3 isolates for S. aureus. Based on the results of identification using the profile matching method, it was shown that the selected LAB isolates, namely MP(1)5.2 and MP(3)6.3, were classified in the genus Lactobacillus with the characteristics of stem cell shape, single cell arrangement, catalase-negative, non-motile, did not form spots, and did not produce gas from glucose.
LICHEN DIVERSITY IN KEBUN RAYA BANUA, BANJARBARU CITY, SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
Lichen are pioneer organisms resulting from symbiosis between mycobionts (fungi) and photobionts (algae or cyanobacteria) that play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. This study aims to determine the diversity of lichen species in the Kebun Raya Banua, Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan Province and to analyze the environmental factors that influence their existence. The study was conducted using an exploratory survey method with a purposive sampling technique at three observation stations, and diversity analysis was calculated using the Shannon–Wiener Index (H'). The results showed that 7 lichen species belonging to 6 families were found, namely Cryptothecia striata, Graphis scripta, Diorygma sticticum, Dirinaria applanata, Phlyctis argena, Lepraria sp., and Bacidia sp., with a total of 110 colonies and a diversity index value of Ĥ = 1.8233 which is included in the moderate diversity category. These values indicate that environmental conditions in the Kebun Raya Banua are still quite stable and support the growth of various types of lichen, with temperature, humidity, soil pH, and light intensity as important factors influencing variations in diversity between observation stations.
DIVERSITY OF FERN SPECIES (PTERIDOPHYTA) IN KEBUN RAYA BANUA BANJARBARU, SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
Ferns (Pteridophyta) are a group of Cryptogamae plants that play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance and have the potential to be a source of biodiversity learning. This study aims to determine the diversity and evenness of fern species in the Kebun Raya Banua, Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan Province, and to analyze the environmental factors that influence their existence. The research was conducted using an exploratory survey method with purposive sampling techniques at three observation stations. Diversity analysis was performed using the Shannon–Wiener Index (H’) and the evenness index (E). The results showed that there were 8 species of ferns belonging to 5 families, namely Asplenium nidus, Gleichenia linearis, Nephrolepis biserrata, Lygodium circinnatum, Davallia denticulata, Drynaria quercifolia, Adiantum raddianum, and Microsorum scolopendria, with a total of 62 individuals. The diversity index value H' = 1.894 is classified as moderate, while the evenness index value E = 0.56 indicates that species distribution is also moderate. These values indicate that the environmental conditions at Kebun Raya Banua are still relatively stable and support the growth of various types of ferns, with temperature, humidity, soil pH, and light intensity as important factors that influence diversity variation between observation stations.
HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN WATER SOURCES IN POHUWATO REGENCY: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN GOLD MINING AREAS
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) can increase the levels of heavy metals in surface water and groundwater sources. This study was conducted to evaluate water quality in Pohuwato Regency, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Sampling was performed at three sites: a reservoir, an irrigation channel, and a well. The concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results indicated that Hg concentrations ranged from 0.00883 to 0.01493 mg/L (≈8.8–14.9× above the WHO guideline value of 0.001 mg/L), Mn concentrations ranged from 0.1309 to 0.543 mg/L (≈1.3–5.4× above the WHO guideline value of 0.1 mg/L), while Pb concentrations ranged from 0.0019 to 0.0048 mg/L, Cd concentrations ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0006 mg/L, and Fe concentrations ranged from 0.0728 to 0.101 mg/L, all of which were below the recommended threshold values for drinking water. The findings emphasize the importance of mitigation strategies based on mining governance, strengthening water safety plans, as well as interventions for household water treatment (adsorption/filtration) and risk communication.
Anticancer Activity Of Apis Dorsata Binghami Nest Extract From West Uluway Tana Toraja District
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world with a high prevalence in Indonesia especially breast cancer Conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have various limitations including severe side effects and cancer cell resistance This study aims to explore the anticancer potential of the ethanol extract of Apis dorsata < em>Binghami nests originating from Uluway Barat Village Tana Toraja Regency Extraction was carried out using the maceration method with 96 ethanol solvent with a yield of 51 42 and bioactive compounds were identified through GC MS analysis Anticancer activity tests were carried out in vitro < em>on MCF 7 breast cancer cells using the resazurin assay method < em> The results showed that the extract contained various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids furanones and aromatic aldehydes which are known to have antioxidant and anticancer activities The IC50 value obtained < sub>was 434 30 g mL indicating weak cytotoxic activity Nevertheless this extract showed significant ability to kill cancer cells at certain concentrations especially 15 63 g mL which reduced cell viability by 44 39 These results indicate that A dorsata < em>Binghami nests contain compounds that have the potential as natural anticancer agents but require further research for fractionation and identification of more specific active compounds and further testing in vivo < em>< p>
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WHITE RAT HAIR GROWTH ACTIVITY TEST COMBINATION CELERY LEAVES Apium graveolens L AND RAJA BANANA PEEL Musa acuminate L
Celery leaves and Raja banana peel contain flavonoids that can stimulate the hair growth process This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of ethanol extracts of celery leaves and raja banana peel on the hair growth This type of research is a laboratory experimental study using test animals that are randomly grouped and given combination extract topically group I 7 5 : 6 25 group II 7 5 : 12 5 group III 7 5 : 25 group IV normal control and group V positive control hair tonic 2 minoxidil The results of hair weight in this study showed that the group given a combination of extracts was able to affect the growth of rat hair Data on the 21st day was analyzed using the one way ANOVA statistical test obtained a value of p lt; 0 01 which means there is a significant difference in the average hair growth of rats treated then continued with the LSD post hoc test showed treatment II significantly different p lt; 0 001 with all treatments It can be concluded that the treatment group given a combination of extracts can affect the hair growth of rats < p>
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST AND ANALYSIS OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINED IN ANGELS S TRUMPET FLOWER EXTRACT Brugmansia suaveolens
Indonesia is a highly biodiverse country second only to Brazil This gives Indonesia enormous potential in ethnopharmacology Previous studies have shown that the leaves of the Brugmansia suaveolens plant also known as Angel trumpet have high antioxidant activity The aim of this study is to test the antioxidant activity of B suaveolens flowers and conduct quantitative screening to determine which compounds play the greatest role in their antioxidant activity This research used the DPPH test and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry GC MS screening Ascorbic acid was used as the comparator in this study Before the DPPH and GC MS testing the samples were extracted using the cold maceration technique with a 95 ethanol solvent Then the samples were concentrated using a rotary evaporator The IC< span> < span> value of the ethanol extract of B suaveolens flowers is 196 16 g mL while the IC< span> < span> value of ascorbic acid the comparator is 3 814 g mL This result shows that the ethanol extract of B suaveolens flowers has moderate antioxidant activity Screening bioactive compounds with GC MS showed that Hexadecenoic acid and Octadecanoic acid play the biggest role in antioxidant activity However the compound with the highest content in the ethanol extract of B suaveolens flowers is scopolamine < span>< p>
Analysis Of The Potential Of Natural Sterol Compounds From Tin Ficus carica Leaves as Anti Hypercholesterolemia with In Silico Tests
This study aims to determine the potential of natural sterol compounds from Tin Ficus carica< em> leaves as anticholesterolemic using in silico test This study employed an in silico approach using molecular docking methods to evaluate the potential of sterol compounds as anti hypercholesterolemic agents in comparison to other references compounds Data processing and interpretation were conducted using molecular databases for both ligands and target proteins The analysis utilized several computational tools including PyRx 0 8 PyMOL LigPlus and Discovery Studio 2016 Client The compounds used in this research were sterol fluvastatin and simvastatin as control with HMG CoA reductase as the target protein The results showed that the highest binding affinity value was fluvastatin which is 8 3 kcal mol Sterol compounds are compounds with lower binding affinity which is 7 7 kcal mol From the visualization results it is known that the binding distance between sterol compounds with target proteins HMG CoA reductase is between 2 69 to 5 49 and the binding distance between simvastatin compounds with target proteins HMG CoA reductase is between 2 76 to 5 36 and the binding distance between fluvastatin compounds with target proteins HMG CoA reductase is between 1 95 to 5 26 Armstrong While based on the comparison of the binding side of strerol simvastatin and fluvastatin it is known that the three compounds have the same site because they bind to the same amino acid residues namely ARG B: 515 TYR A: 533 TYR B: 533 TYR B: 517 PRO A: 511 The results of this research indicate that the natural sterol compounds found in Tin Ficus carica< em> leaves have potential as anti hypercholesterolemic agents based on reverse docking analysis These sterol compounds bind to the same active site as the control drugs simvastatin and fluvastatin and exhibit comparable binding affinity values< p>
GROWTH ACTIVITY TEST OF WHITE RAT HAIR COMBINATION OF CELERY Apium Graveolens LEAF EXTRACT AND GREEN GEDI Abelmoschus Manihot LEAF
Celery and Green Gedi leaves have been long considered traditional topical supplements to support hair growth They contain flavanoids that are efficacious to induce keratinocyte proliferation However the research about whether the combination of celery and green gedi leaves can still provide an effect is limited This current study aims to determine the effect of the combination of ethanol extracts of celery leaves and green gedi leaves on white rat hair growth This is laboratory experimental research to compare the hair growth in three different groups with normal and positive control Animals were randomly grouped n=3 for each group and then given a combination of leaf extracts and carbopol with a concentration of 17 5 :10 ; 27 5 :15 ;37 5 :20 A normal control group was left untreated while another group was treated with 2 minoxidil as positive control The results of measuring fur weight on day 21 showed that the treatment group given the combination of extracts did affect the growth of rat hair Statistical tests using one way ANOVA showed a p value of lt;0 001 which means there is a significant difference in the average hair weight of rats treated LSD post hoc test showed that treatment with a 17 5 :10 concentration ratio was significantly different from the other treatments It can be concluded that the combination of celery leaf extract and gedi leaf positively affects rat hair growth < p>
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IDENTIFICATION OF MACROALGAE IN THE COASTAL AREA OF BUDO TOURISM VILLAGE WORI NORTH MINAHASA
Algae are lower plants that do not have differentiated structures such as roots stems and leaves; although they may appear to have differences they are actually just thallus forms Macroalgae have macroscopic body shape and size consisting of fronds without distinct roots stems and leaves Macroalgal diversity is not only reflected in their ecological and economic significance but also in their high species richness and wide geographical distribution within aquatic ecosystems However research on the species diversity of macroalgae in Budo Tourism Village Beach North Minahasa remains limited This study aims to identify the macroalgal species in the Budo Tourism Village Wori North Minahasa area The research employed the line transect and quadrat based sampling method which was implemented at two distinct station locations: Station I rocky reef substrate and Station II sandy muddy substrate Macroalgae identification was facilitated by utilizing the comprehensive identification textbooks The research reveals the presence of four macroalgal species comprising three brown algae Phaeophyceae namely Padina boergesenii< em> Sargassum llinearifolium< em> Turbinaria ornata< em> and one red algae Rhodophyceae Gracilaria corticata< em> Sargassum linearifolium< em> Padina boergesenii< em> and Gracilaria corticata< em> was found in rocky reef substrate Turbinaria ornate< em> and Padina boergesenii< em> was found in sandy muddy substrate < p>
Antibacterial Activity Of Sago Caterpillar Oil Rhynchoporus bilineatus L From Minahasa Against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus
Sago caterpillars are ethnomedically used as food and medicine by the people of several tribes in Indonesia Sago caterpillar oil contains active compounds especially fatty acids that have antibacterial potential Research has been carried out which aims to obtain the bioactive content of sago worm oil and the antibacterial activity of Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria Sago caterpillars are obtained from the Minahasa region Four to six instar sago caterpillars are used for oil isolation Analysis of the content of sago worm oil using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry method Meanwhile the antibacterial test used the agar diffusion method using pure cultures of Salmonella thypii< em> and Staphylococcus aureus< em> The results showed that the average sago caterpillar oil was 0 26 to 0 28 ml per head The results of the antibacterial test showed the highest inhibition of S aureus at a concentration of 1000 mg L namely 8 04 mm while the inhibition of growth of S thypii was highest at a concentration of 1000 mg L namely 7 69 mm Sago caterpillar oil has antibacterial potential < p>
Analysis of Weed Vegetation on Paddy Rice Oryza sativa Plant in Koya Village South Tondano District
Paddy Rice Oryza sativa< em> is the main food commodity in Indonesia because most of the Indonesian population s staple food is Paddy Rice Demand for Paddy Rice continues to increase from time to time along with population growth The aim of this research is to determine the types and control of weeds in lowland Paddy Rice plants Oryza sativa< em> This research is a qualitative descriptive study using a survey method directly observing weeds in the Paddy Rice planting area in Koya village South Tondano subdistrict The results of research on the density dominance and frequency of weed types in lowland Paddy Rice plants in Koya Village South Tondano District show that there are 4 types of weeds in lowland Paddy Rice plants in Koya Village namely Panicum repens Fimbristylis litotoralis Cyperus rotundus< em> and Pistia stratiotes< em> P repens is a grass weed F litoralis and C rotundus are a weed and P stratiotes is a broadleaf weed The type that has the highest relative density KR is P repens namely 3 33 followed by F litoratlis namely 26 67 and the lowest is C rotundus and P stratiotes namely 20 0 Relative Dominance Value The highest DR was found in the weed type P stratiotes namely 51 56 then followed by C rotundus namely 19 27 F litoralis namely 15 10 and the lowest P repens namely 14 06 The highest relative frequency FR was in P repens and C rotundus namely 33 33 followed by F litoralis namely 22 22 and the lowest was P stratiotes namely 11 11 Based on the research results it can be concluded that there are 4 types of weeds in lowland Paddy Rice plants in Koya Village South Tondano District with the highest weed dominance index value namely P stratiotes namely 27 55787; Weed control can be done chemically biologically mechanically and physically < p>
IDENTIFICATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA SP ON FRIED SNACKS SOLD ON THE UNIMA CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT
This study aims to explain how bacterial contamination and the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella< em> sp on fried bananas sold in the UNIMA campus environment This exploration used clear qualitative subjective observation with the TPC strategy for all total bacterial contamination and involved specific media for Escherichia coli and Salmonella< em> sp From the results of the review it was found that 1 out of 3 experimental examples of complete bacterial contamination exceeded the threshold set by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of the Republic of Indonesia BPOM RI in 2016 with the most extreme obstacle being the number of microorganisms in food being 10 4 colonies g Of the 3 samples tried all samples were identified with Escherichia coli and Salmonella< em> sp Based on the research conducted it can be concluded that of all the observed fried samples all detected bacterial colonies< p>
TESTING FOR BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION ON CHICKEN Gallus gallus domesticus IN THE TRADITIONAL MARKET OF SOUTH LANGOWAN DISTRICT
Chicken meat Gallus gallus domesticus< em> plays an important role in society with its role as one of the sources of fulfillment of animal protein in Indonesia With the high consumption of chicken meat by the public the hygiene and safety of chicken meat must be ensured so as not to incur losses to the people This study aimed to determine the bacterial contamination based on the testing of Total Plate Counts Coliform Escherichia coli< em> and Salmonella< em> sp Meet the requirement of the Indonesian National Standard on chicken meat in the traditional market of Langowan Selatan District The method used in this research is a descriptive method to analyze and describe the results of the study the testing using several indicators to directly conclude bacterial contamination The results of the total plate count bacterial contamination test of the colonies TPC in sample 1 = 29 1x kol sample 2 = 29 4x kol sample 3 = 27 7x kol MPN of Coliform and Escherichia coli< em> results obtained in samples S1 S2 and S3 are 11x kol gr The results of microbact Salmonella< em> sp In samples S1 are positive and S2 and S3 are negative Based on observations it is suspected that contamination occurs because sellers use equipment that is less sterile and there is no cover or barrier so the chicken meat is in direct contact with the air and customer It is concluded that based on bacterial testing indicators chicken meat in the traditional market of Langowan Selatan District has exceeded the limit of SNI 7388 2009 and is contaminated < p>
CHARACTERIZATION OF SAPROPHAGE INSECTS FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY INDICATORS USING LOCAL PIGS
Forensic entomology is the science of insects which is used to analyze cases related to forensics namely death This is based on the close relationship between humans and insects who live side by side Insects can be a factor in determining the Postmortem Interval PMI so that it is useful in the forensic investigation process Medicolegal insects are insects that are used as evidence in death cases This research aims to obtain the diversity of insect species the morphological characteristics of insects the characteristics of insects in experimental pigs that died from hanging poisoning and stabbing and based on the stage of decomposition The results of this research examine temperature soil pH air humidity and the decomposition process of local pigs The results of research on the decomposition stage in 3 deaths hanging stabbing and poisoning showed differences in the time of death where the hanging carcass decomposed more quickly than the stabbed and poisoned carcass In the decomposition stage the first insect encountered is the order Diptera where these insects damage internal organs such as the brain and liver and also damage body cells The temperature results of local pig carcasses placed outdoors ranged from 32 2 34 50< sup>C while indoor carcass temperatures ranged from 26 77 33 43 0< sup>C The degree of acidity pH of carcasses placed outdoors ranges from 5 13 8 53 while indoor carcasses ranges from 6 0 7 77 The environmental temperature of animal bodies placed outdoors ranges from 26 35 39 740< sup>C while humidity ranges from 57 79 86 10 The temperature of animal bodies in the room ranges from 27 54 31 520< sup>C while humidity ranges from 71 50 85 37 < p>
ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE FOREST VEGETATION ON MOLAS BEACH BUNAKEN DISTRICT MANADO CITY
The lack of scientific information about the current condition of the mangrove ecosystem on the Molas beach in the Bunaken District of Manado City is an important reason to conduct a study related to the analysis of mangrove forest vegetation The purpose of this research is to identify the types of mangroves and to find the Important Value Index INP of mangroves on the Molas beach in the Bunaken District of Manado City Data collection was conducted using the line transect method with plots at only one observation station which was then analyzed to determine the Importance Value Index INP Based on the observations it was found that four types of mangroves were present at the research location The dominant mangrove species are Bruguiera Cylindrica Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Aegiceras cosniculatum< em> and Ceriops tagal< em> The substrate condition which is dominated by muddy sand and the water quality parameters that affect mangrove growth generally still meet the standards for mangrove growth The species Ceriops tagal< em> has the highest values of Relative Density Relative Frequency and Relative Dominance resulting in the highest INP Meanwhile the lowest INP was found in the species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza< em> in the tree category< p>
APPLICATION OF Eco Enzyme CONVERSION RESULTS INTO DISHWASHER SOAP
The application of the conversion results from Eco Enzyme< em> into dishwashing soap the fermentation process lasts for one months where the resulting liquid is dark brown in color and has a very strong sweet and sour fermented aroma There is a lack of public knowledge about the very profitable benefits of Eco Enzyme< em> such as as a multi purpose cleaner as a multi functional liquid which can be converted one of the ways into dishwashing soap This research aims to determine the application of the results of converting Eco Enzyme< em> into dishwashing soap This research used experimental methods and a research period of 3 months This Eco Enzyme< em> is made with a ratio of organic ingredients: sugar: water 3:1:10 The Eco Enzyme harvest is converted into dishwashing soap by adding lerak and Methyl Ester Sulfonate < em> MES Eco Enzyme< em> conversion soap was then applied to several treatment groups: plastic plates cans and glass The results of the application show that the dishes washed with Eco Enzyme< em> using lerak have not completely removed dirt oil and odors in each treatment whereas Eco Enzyme< em> using Methyl Ester Sulfonate < em> MES when compared with Sunlight brand liquid soap sold on the market shows that there are similarities both in terms of cleanliness tapestry and smell The research conclusion is that the application of the Eco Enzyme< em> conversion results has significant potential to be developed into an active ingredient for environmentally friendly dishwashing soap < p>
THE EFFECT OF RICE HUSK CHARCOAL ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF WHITE CHILI CAYEY Capsicum frutescens L
The aim of this research is: to determine and analyze the effect of giving rice husk charcoal on the growth and production of white cayenne pepper plants Capsicum frutescens L The method used in this research is the experimental method with a completely randomized design RAL approach This shows that rice husk charcoal and planting media have different average values for plant height number of leaves number of branches number of fruit and weight of white cayenne pepper At the 12th week of observation the M2ASP2 treatment had the highest value compared to other treatments namely124 65 31 73cm Meanwhile treatment M1 ASP 0has the lowest value namely79 23 21 9cm < p> < div> < div> < div> < div>
Growth of White Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L).
The Antioxidant Activity of Red Fruit Extract Pandanus conoideus L From Nabire Papua
Red fruit Pandanus conoideus Lam is a native Papuan plant which has been used by indigenous Papuan people as a medicinal plant Papuan people believe that red fruit has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity This research aims to obtain antioxidant activity namely reducing DPPH free radicals from Papuan red fruit ethanol extract Samples of red fruit obtained from Nabire Papua After determination the red fruit is extracted using the maceration method The ethanol extract of red fruit was then used for the DPPH antioxidant test method The results showed that the ethanol extract of red fruit contains phenolic compounds: flavonoids tannins; and steroids in high intensity Ethanol extract of red fruit has very strong antioxidant activity 46 99 ppm; R2< sup>=0 99 Ethanol extract of Papuan red fruit has potential as a source of bioactive natural antioxidants < p>
Local Knowledge on Towards The Conservation of Macaca nigra in KPHK Tangkoko North Sulawesi
The Yaki monkey Macaca nigra is a critically endangered endemic species of North Sulawesi and is listed in Appendix II of CITES as well as in situ conservation at the Tangkoko Conservation Forest Management Union KPHK Tangkoko The public s knowledge of the conservation of M nigra is a key factor inining the sustainability of this species The aim of this research is to find out the level of public awareness about conservation of M nigra This research uses descriptive methods Data collection is done with a questionnaire with scored using the Guttman scale The results of this study show that the majority of the level of knowledge in the community in the buffer zone KPHK Tangkoko belongs to a level of good sufficient and insufficient to the conservation status of m nigra Respondents who have good knowledge are all respondents in the Batu Putih Bawah villages and Duasudara villages While the majority of the population in the Kasawari villages 63 and the Pinangunian villages 68 have sufficient knowledge about the conservation status of the M nigra while almost half of the Kasawari villages 37 and Pinangunian villages 32 have insufficient knowledge < p>
Analysis of Dominant Number Values Weed Population in Paddy Rice Cultivation Oryza sativa L in Koya Village Minahasa North Sulawesi
Paddy rice is the main food crop in Indonesia because rice is the primary food source of the Indonesian people However it faces obstacles caused among others by the presence of nuisance plants namely weeds that can reduce the quantity and quality of harvest or production This study examines the value of the dominant Number of weed populations in rice field cultivation The research method used was weed observation with analysis of the chief number value using the square of a sample plot measuring 50 cm x 50 cm randomly placed on the experimental land The dominant number value analysis was carried out four times at the beginning of the study as an initial vegetation analysis 21 DAP observations 45 DAP observations and 60 DAP observations The results showed that the weed species with the highest Dominant Number Value at initial words in paddy fields were Paspalum disticum Fibristylis litoralis Marsilea crenata Cyperus iria < em>and Ludwigia octovalvis< em>; weed species with the highest Dominant Number Value at 21 DAP observations were P disticum Echinochloa crusgalli F litoralis M crenata < em>and Leersia hexandra< em>; The weed species with the highest Dominant Number Value at 45 DAP observations were P disticum F litoralis C iria E crusgalli < em>and Leersia hexandra< em> and the weed species with the highest Dominant Number Values at 60 DAP observations were E crusgalli P disticum F litoralis Scirpus juncoides < em> and S juncoides< em>< p>
Growth and Yield of Lettuce Plants Lactuca sativa L with Alternative Nutrition to Subtitute AB Mix in Hydroponic Systems
The hydroponic system is modern agricultural cultivation with various planting media as a substitute for soil so hydroponics is an agricultural activity that is carried out by using water as a medium for distributing nutrients This research aims to determine the effect of alternative nutrition to substitute AB mix on the growth and yield of hydroponic lettuce Lactuca sativa L The research method was an experiment in a completely randomized design CRD using 5treatments with 4 repetitions namely P0 control with ABmix nutrition of 700 800 ppm P1 800 900 alternative nutrients P2 900 1000 ppm alternative nutrients P3 1000 1100 alternative nutrients P4 1000 1200 alternative nutrients were analyzed by one way ANOVA analysis with a significance level of 0 05 Parameters observed were plant height number of leaves root length leaf width and fresh weight The results showed that providing alternative nutrition significantly affected plant height leaf width and fresh weight of lettuce Lactuca sativa L With the best treatment of 900 1000 ppm with plant height 35 41 cm number of leaves 15 17 leaf width 17 18 cm and plant wet weight 120 209 grams the lowest yield was in treatment P0 with plant height 30 33 cm the number of leaves is 15 16 and the wet weight of the plant is 117 146 grams< p>
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN MARIDAN VILLAGE PANAJM PASER UTARA DISTRICT EAST KALIMANTAN INDONESIA
Medicinal plants are generally very beneficial for treating various diseases or health problems Knowledge about the use of medicinal plants is passed down orally from generation to generation This research aims to determine the contribution of local knowledge about traditional medicinal plants in Maridan Village to treating certain diseases and the practice of using medicinal plants in Maridan Village The results can provide information about the traditional medicinal uses of various local plants Apart from that it is also to increase public awareness to protect local biodiversity The research results showed that the people of Maridan Village Sepaku District North Penajam Paser Regency used 38 types of medicinal plants from 28 families The part of the plant that is often used is the leaves; the processing that is often used is by boiling and the method that is most often used is by drinking < p>
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DIVERSITY OF THE ORDER HYMENOPTERA IN RICE PLANTATION IN MANEMBO NEMBO DISTRICT AS AN ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR
This research aims to determine habitat conditions as an ecological indicator and measure the level of diversity of insects of the order Hymenoptera on rice plantations in the Manembo nembo sub district The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive Insect samples were collected using the sweeping net and yellow pan trap methods The Shannon Wiener diversity index formula Pielou s similarity index E and Simpson dominance index C are used to measure the level of diversity The results of research on rice plantations found insects of the Hymenoptera order as many as 35 genera 16 subfamilies and 14 families with a total of 470 individuals with normal habitat conditions where Hymenoptera insects can still carry out activities on rice plantations Wasp insects from 24 genera also have functions as biological control agents most of which are parasitoid and predatory wasps which have potential as ecological indicators in rice plantations in the Manembo nembo sub district The level of diversity is included in the medium criteria as is the evenness index value In contrast the dominance index is included in the low criteria even though the Pimplinae family dominates rice cultivation in the Manembo nembo sub district < p> < p>