Why Always Women?: Gender Inequality in Rusmini’s “Kenanga”  (A Feminist Criticism Study)

Apriani Riyanti; Umul  Khasanah; Indriyati  Kamil; Ni Putu Juliani Lestari  Dewi; Imelda S.  Lolowang

doi:10.53682/eclue.v11i1.5931

Authors

Apriani Riyanti Universitas Binawan Jakarta
Umul Khasanah Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
Indriyati Kamil Universitas Langlangbuana
Ni Putu Juliani Lestari Dewi Universitas Persatuan Guru 1945 NTT
Imelda S. Lolowang Universitas Negeri Manado

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53682/eclue.v11i1.5931

Keywords:

Gender Inequality, Inequality in Education, Patriakhi, Novel, Rusmini’s Kenanga

Abstract

The issue of gender equality is no longer a new one. It arises along with the stereotype of men who have a higher nature than women. In addition, in terms of strength and rights women are also below men. This aspect of gender inequality is one of the aspects developed by Rusmini in her novel "Kenanga". It tells the story of women who live under the pressure of men due to their gender. This research was then made to examine every gender inequality behavior that occurs in this novel. Using a qualitative method, the research then applies a feminist approach in analyzing each event of gender inequality that occurs in Rusmini's novel "Kenanga". The results show that, gender inequality against women mostly occurs due to stereotypes from the society in which they live. This gender inequality occurs starting from the aspect that women's nature is under men, therefore women must always obey men. Moreover, in terms of education, women are also prohibited from getting a proper education than men because basically, women's job is only to take care of men. In addition, women from the poor are often treated harshly because the customs enforced in society greatly differentiate between castes. From this research, a new direction is given that gender inequality needs to be a concern because considering today's developments, it allows everyone including women to develop and have a career.

References

Agustin, M., & Wardiah, D. (2022). Citra Perempuan Dalam Ketidakadilan Gender Pada Novel Perempuan Yang Menangis Kepada Bulan Hitam dan Novel Bidadari Berbisik. Jurnal Educatio FKIP UNMA, 8(2), 678–686. https://doi.org/10.31949/Educatio.V8I2.2225

Asri, Y., & Arief, E. (2020). Contesting the Patriarchal Authority: Portrait of Millennial Women in the Indonesian Novel. 3rd International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE 2020). https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iclle-20/125945960

Bachmann, I., Harp, D., & Loke, J. (2018). Through a Feminist Kaleidoscope: Critiquing Media, Power, and Gender Inequalities. Feminist Approaches to Media Theory and Research, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90838-0_1

Barry, P. (2020). Feminist criticism. Beginning Theory (Fourth Edition), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526153524.00011

Bhopal, K. (2019). Gender, ‘race’ and patriarchy: A study of south Asian women. Gender, “Race” and Patriarchy: A Study of South Asian Women, 1–205. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429456305/Gender-Race-Patriarchy-Kalwant-Bhopal

Cohen, D. K., & Karim, S. M. (2022). Does More Equality for Women Mean Less War? Rethinking Sex and Gender Inequality and Political Violence. International Organization, 76(2), 414–444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818321000333

de Lauretis, T. (2018). Aesthetic and Feminist Theory: Rethinking Women’s Cinema. Feminist Art Criticism, 133–152. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500497-8

Diana, D., Asri, Y., & Hayati, Y. (2018). Representation of Women’s Struggle in Indonesia Contemporary Novels: Liberal-Feminist Studies. 542–546. https://doi.org/10.2991/ICLLE-18.2018.91

Dwipayana, A. K. I., & Astawan, N. (2021). The Domination of Patriarchism In Inheritance Customary Systems. RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra Dan Pengajarannya, 14(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v14i1.13874

Fournier, L. (2021). Autotheory as Feminist Practice in Art, Writing, and Criticism . MIT Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kM_tDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=feminist+criticism&ots=lGwiz0r5bt&sig=s-GfuJzup0UQOiYrtm_naBoMSE8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=feminist criticism&f=false

Frueh, J. (2018). Towards a Feminist Theory of Art Criticism. Feminist Art Criticism, 153–165. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500497-9

Li, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, D., & Ji, Q. (2019). Does gender inequality affect household green consumption behaviour in China? Energy Policy, 135, 111071. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2019.111071

Marentek, C., Palar, W. R., & Pangemanan, N. J. (2021). Citra Perempuan dan Ketidakadilan Gender dalam Novel “Saat Hati Telah Memilih” Karya Mira W dan Implikasinya bagi Pembelajaran Sastra di Sekolah. Literary Studiies, 2(1).

Mu’is, A. (2021). Women’s Representations in Novel Negeri Perempuan by Wisran Hadi and Novel Kenanga by Oka Rusmini: A Study of Literature Sociology. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE-4 2021), 604, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2991/ASSEHR.K.211201.001

Nielsen, J. M. (2019). Feminist Research Methods: Exemplary Readings In The Social Sciences. Routledge. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HUyfDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=feminist+criticism&ots=xvG3kjW6z-&sig=0Ds9yFDUqHr9kNsh0rcbfKefTcA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=feminist criticism&f=false

Renzetti, C. M. (2018). Feminist perspectives. Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315622040-7

Satriyani, L. D. (2018). Kajian Feminisme Novel Kenanga Karya Oka Rusmini Dan Relevansinya Dengan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Di SMA [UNS (Sebelas Maret University)]. https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/62926/Kajian-Feminisme-Novel-Kenanga-Karya-Oka-Rusmini-Dan-Relevansinya-Dengan-Bahan-Ajar-Bahasa-Indonesia-Di-SMA

Satriyani, L. D., Suyitno, S., & Ulya, C. (2018). Feminisme Novel Kenanga Karya Oka Rusmini: Kajian Kerelevansian Dengan Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. BASASTRA, 6(1), 168–183. https://jurnal.fkip.uns.ac.id/index.php/bhs_indonesia/article/view/12232

Sulistyowati, Y. (2021). Kesetaraan Gender Dalam Lingkup Pendidikan Dan Tata Sosial. IJouGS: Indonesian Journal of Gender Studies, 1(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21154/IJOUGS.V1I2.2317

Suparman, N. (2019). Ketidakadilan Gender Dalam Novel Perempuan Di Titik Nol Karya Nawal El-Saadawi. Telaga Bahasa, 7(1), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.36843/TB.V7I1.60

Tantimin, T., & Sinukaban, E. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Terkait Ketidaksetaraan Gender Di Indonesia. NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 8(3), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.31604/JIPS.V8I3.2021.395-406

Todd, J. (2018). Feminist Literary History. John Wiley & Sons. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oMFQDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP6&dq=feminist+criticism&ots=maGUe_026K&sig=K2aRC9Q6otfUsM6Tc7AZOpt6Vug&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=feminist criticism&f=false